07/31/2026
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Oil

820 Words: The Ultimate Lowlight?

AMERICA 250

My series on the highlights and lowlights of American history, marking this nation’s 250th birthday. The whole idea being we, as a nation, have done great things and we’ve done rotten things. And sometimes the things we’ve done have been both great and rotten. We are, to be sure, all too human.

So, the United States, at the cost of more than 620,000 lives and the destruction of several southern cities, has established itself as a non-slave nation. Your elementary school history books will tell you the North won the Civil War. I’m not so sure.

The only leader executed for his role in the Civil War was President Abraham Lincoln. And for the next hundred years, the South legislated against and terrorized Black people, largely keeping the mass of them in perpetual poverty and political impotence. Southern segregationists would wield outsized power in the US Senate and House even if no southerner was elected president until Jimmy Carter in 1976. The likes of Dick Russell of Georgia, Strom Thurmond of South Carolina, and James O. Eastland of Mississippi, by their antediluvian, regressive, racist votes and pronouncements, wouild have made Reinhard Heydrich grin. George Wallace would become one of the most successful third party candidates for president in American history. He crowed while Alabama’s governor, “Segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever,” and rode that sentiment into 10 million votes, or 13.5 percent of the total in 1968.

To this day, people in both the South and the North wave Confederate flags.

The 75 million or so people who voted for Donald J. Trump for president three times expressed contempt, either intentionally or not, for every step forward in race relations in the United States since 1865.

Barack Obama, whose father was Black, served two terms as President of the United States but his presence in the White House ignited the basest, most hate-filled reaction imaginable over the next ten years and into the foreseeable future.

Barack Obama

Yes, the surrender of the Confederate States of America signaled the end of slavery in the United States, but that’s all. Black people have been relegated to a secondary status in this country ever since, just as millions of pariahs would have been had Nazi Germany had its way. Perhaps the best thing I can say about race relations in the US since the Civil War is the authorities never really engaged in a systematic, institutionalized genocide of Black people, although tons of individuals did their damnedest to bring that about.

The last significant Confederate force to capitulate signed its cease-fire on June 23, 1865, more than two months after Robert E. Lee’s surrender. The commander of that last southern army was Gen. Stand Watie of the First Indian Brigade of the Trans-Mississippi. He was a native Cherokee who, understandably, held no affection for the United States government even though by the end of the war most Cherokees had aligned with the North.

Stand Watie

Where, then, did the United States head once the minimum good, the end of slavery, had been accomplished? Believe it ir not. America almost immediately plunged into an era that threatened not just a race of people, but the entirety of humanity.

On October 26, 1865, just six months after the Civil War had effectively come to an end, a fellow named John D. Rockefeller began formalizing a business partnership that would eventually become Standard Oil of Ohio. That company and its progeny would steer the nascent petroleum and subsequent automobile, airplane, and god-knows-whatever-other internal combustion engine industries over the next 160-plus years. Rockefeller would become, some argue, the richest man in the world. The oil industry would become the single most important driver of global economics and geo-political relations by the middle of the 20th century.

The burning of oil to power engines, warm and light our homes, run our power grid, and otherwise make modern life possible, would profoundly affect the composition of the atmosphere of the entire planet, not to mention spark countless wars over territory, control, and transportation of petroleum-based stuff.

Millions of people have died in clashes to challenge or prop up the global oil industry. As dramatic as that number sounds, it pales in comparison to the number of potential deaths as global warming and climate change foul our air, raise our sea levels, create extreme weather, force environmental migration, and more over the next few decades.

John D. Rockefeller

For the last century and a half, Rockefeller largely has been portrayed as a great American hero. Whoever among us remains in the next century and a half surely will view him as perhaps humanity’s greatest supervillain.

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The arc of the moral universe is long, but it bends toward justice. — Theodore Parker.

Power concedes nothing without a demand. It never did and it never will. — Frederick Douglass.

It is possible to read the history of this country as one long struggle to extend the liberties established in our Constitution to everyone in America. — Molly Ivins.

07/29/2026
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How Hard Could It Be?, WFHB

It Takes a Community

Publication date for my book, How Hard Could It Be? The Stories of WFHB, is coming tantalizingly near. Just a few short weeks ago, I got an advance copy of it and, as luck would have it, ran into WFHB board president Emily Jackson in the parking lot of the Monroe County Public Library that day. Naturally, I pulled the copy out of my bag and showed it off to her. She clicked a pic of it and me and posted the shot on social media.

Jeanette Smedberg caught the post and immediately asked EJ the DJ to connect us. Next thing anybody knew, Jeannette was volunteering to preview the manuscript.

EJ the DJ snapped me in the Monroe County Public Library parking lot.

Retired now, Jeannette ran BCS Advertising here in Bloomington for years. She has extensive experience in proofreading, typesetting, and other chores related to the precise placement and appearance of words and images in various media. Jeannette was able to offer learned, considered suggestions and has been trained to catch the most minute typo, misuse, or grammar sin. I jumped at her offer.

Jeannette took the task seriously. Her eye is sharp. Wielding her blue pencil with a deft, sensitive hand, she’s caught hundreds of chinks in my prose. She even challenged me on an aspect of style, which made me think deeply about my approach and forced me to justify certain things I had done.

She fell out of the sky and the book is going to be all the better for it.

07/28/2026
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America 250

1074 Words: Gun-Barrel Politics

AMERICA 250

My series on the highlights and lowlights of American history, marking this nation’s 250th birthday. The whole idea being we, as a nation, have done great things and we’ve done rotten things. And sometimes the things we’ve done have been both great and rotten. We are, to be sure, all too human.

Here’s a lowlight. An all-too American lowlight.

On the evening of April 14, 1865, Abraham Lincoln was shot by Confederate loyalist John Wilkes Booth as the president sat in a box at Ford’s Theater in Washington DC. Lincoln and his wife Mary were attending a performance of the play, Our American Cousin, written by Englishman Tom Taylor.

Only a few short weeks before, the president had been inaugurated to his second term. The Civil War had, for all intents and purposes, come to an end just five days prior to the shooting.

Technically, the war ended a year and half later, on August 20, 1866, when President Andrew Johnson issued a proclamation saying, “[[the] insurrection is at an end and… peace, order, tranquillity, and civil authority now exist in and throughout the whole of the United States of America.”

The seceding states, eleven of them, formed the Confederate States of America, a would-be nation that never attained recognition from the United States (naturally) nor any other country in the world. Think of how odd it is that a rebellious territory in any country should declare independence and not, then, be supported by anybody else on earth. Of course, when your wannabe nation is based primarily on the idea of slavery, and you proudly say so, people (and countries) are going to tend to shy away from you.

The eleven, after hostilities ended, were put on probation before they could be fully readmitted to the Union. A majority of each seceding state’s population had to swear out loyalty oaths before their state governments could be reorganized. All their leaders had to swear allegiance to the United States. Each state had to rewrite its constitution, largely to repudiate antebellum thinking and specifically to outlaw slavery. Confederate military leaders were barred from holding public office. The Confederate states, too, had to cancel all their war debts, meaning anybody who financed the southern cause was out of luck. The whole process lasted until 1870 when the last of the seceding states’ representatives were readmitted to the US Congress.

Although, as Heather Cox Richardson and others argue, many in the southern states continue to fight for the ideas of the Confederacy to this day.

A scene from the 2017 Unite the Right Rally in Charlottesville, Virginia.

Lincoln, born in Kentucky, raised in Indiana, and, as an adult, a lawyer and politican in Illinois, couldn’t even enjoy a full week of peace in the nation he led. He was rendered unconscious by Booth’s bullet that struck him behind the left ear. He was carried to a home across the street from Ford’s and laid diagonally (he was exceptionally tall) on a bed there. No one who examined Lincoln thought he could survive. He didn’t. He died the next morning at 7:20.

Lincoln was the first United States President to be assassinated. He wouldn’t be the last. In fact, within the next 35 years, two more presidents, James A. Garfield and William McKinley, would be killed by assassins’ bullets. The man who replaced McKinley, Theodore Roosevelt, himself was shot when he tried to run again for president in 1912. JohnF. Kennedy was gunned down in 1963, making it four presidents killed in office.

As mentioned here previously, a gunman attempted to shoot at Andrew Jackson but his pistols misfired. A man holding a pistol and waiting for the official procession to pass him during President William Howard Taft’s summit meeting with Mexican Presdient Porfiro Diaz at El Paso, Texas in 1909 was disarmed. Anarchists plotted to kill President Herbert Hoover during his visit to Arentina in 1928. In 1933, a man shot at newly-inaugurated President Franklin D. Roosevelt in Miami. He missed but struck and killed Chicago Mayor Anton Cermak, who died of his wound. Zionist militia men in 1947 mailed letter bombs to the White House in hopes one of them might kill Truman. Three years later, Puerto Rican independence activists stormed Harry Truman’s residence (the White house being renovated at the time) in an attempt to kill the president.

JFK, for that matter, survived a couple of assassination plots before Lee Harvey Oswald succeeded in killing him. A rabid anti-Catholic man planned to ram Kennedy’s limousine with his dynamite-laden car a few week’s before the inauguration but he changed his mind when he saw Kennedy’s wife and daughter kiss him goodbye the morning of December 11, 1960. As if that isn’t bad enough, just a few days before Kennedy was killed, another man, a right wing extremist and John Birch Society member, planned to kill Kennedy during a presidential visit to Chicago but his landlady caught wind of his plans and notified the Secret Service.

In 1972 and ’74, two men tried to kill President Richard Nixon. The first hoped to shoot him during a motorcade in Canada but Nixon’s car drove by too fast for him to take good aim. The second planned to hijack a commercial airliner and crash it into the White House but he was shot and killed at the airport outside Baltimore. By the way, that first man was named Arthur Bremer and he’d go on to shoot and paralyze presidential candidate George C. Wallace in Laurel, Maryland in 1972.

Two women, one of them a Manson Family member, attempted to fire guns at President Gerald R. Ford within two and a half weeks of each other in September 1975. A gang of 14 Kuwaiti and Iraqi men plotted to kill President George H.W. Bush’s by car bomb while he was in Kuwait City in 1993. They were thwarted.

Lynette “Squeaky” Fromme in Custody.

And then…, oh for Chrissakes! I haven’t got the room or the desire to list all the assassination attempts and plots against Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, Barack Obama, Donald Trump, and Joe Biden. A quick count shows at least 41 such shots (literally and figuratively) against those five presidents alone.

All this is to say it’s become more likely that an American president will be shot at, bombed, rammed, or otherwise assaulted than not these days. This country’s history is rife with attempts to off the Chief Executive but now it’s become almost epidemic.

We’re a violent bunch.

07/24/2026
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Civil War, Reconciliation, Slavery

532 Words: Too Civil

AMERICA 250

My series on the highlights and lowlights of American history, marking this nation’s 250th birthday. The whole idea being we, as a nation, have done great things and we’ve done rotten things. And sometimes the things we’ve done have been both great and rotten. We are, to be sure, all too human.

So now we come to the ultimate highlight/lowlight in American history.

The Civil War.

Or, as the Bad Guys referred to it, the War of Northern Aggression.

By the way, those Bad Guys never got a proper comeuppance, other than getting their asses whupped in the war itself. The leaders of the so-called Confederate States of America, as well as that “nation’s” generals, its financiers, philosophers, influencers, clerics, and traders in human lives, never were brought to justice, never punished, never compelled to atone for their myriad sins.

As a rule, I tend to be sympathetic to any group of people who wish to rebel or secede but not so in this case. Sadly, it remains necessary to this day, more than a hundred and sixty years later, here in the United States of America, to say what should be universally accepted — that Jefferson Davis,  Alexander Stephens, Judah Benjamin, Robert Toombs, John C. Breckenridge, and their evil collaborators  were wrong, morally, existentially wrong, and deserving of the hangman’s noose.

The historian Heather Cox Richardson lays out the particulars of modern America’s inexcusable winking at the secession and subsequent war in her book, How the South Won the Civil War. It’s as if Germans still celebrated Kristallnacht or the Japanese continued to revere the legacy of Hideki Tojo. Even the Soviets tried to wash their hands of the malignant fallout from the Joseph Stalin era in the years immediately after his death. (On the other hand, just as many Americans embrace the antebellum South,  romanticize its rebellion, and — honestly — long for a return to a time when dark-skinned people knew their place, a good many Russians today wish their country still had a tyrannical leader like the man whose forced famines, brutal gulags, and thought-crime executions resulted in the deaths of at least 10 million people. In other words, we Americans aren’t the only saps on earth.)

Therein lies the essence of the contradictory highlight/lowlight of the Civil War. Lincoln may have been magnanimous and forgiving in his “with malice toward none” stance. He may have been manifesting the most admirable characteristics of his Christian faith. But he allowed evil to survive by not choking it off, its ideas as well as its purveyors, swiftly and decisively. The way to do that would have been to hang Davis et al from the highest trees and outlawing the Confederate flag.

Unhappily, that banner continues to be waved, on front yard flagpoles, on pickup trucks, on tattoos, on blogs and in podcasts, and anywhere else where people can legally display their stupidity. Again, places like Germany flat-out ban the waving of the Nazi flag. They, at least, understand the normalization of it, just as we normalized the “stars and bars,” is a tacit endorsement of everything it stands for.

That normalized Confederate flag stands for the kidnapping, the buying and selling, the terrorizing, the dehumanization, the whipping, the chaining — all the atrocities inherent in the practice of slavery. The United States of America fought a bloody war to stop that practice. Then it said to its former practitioners, All is forgiven, fellas. You’re okay by us.

They weren’t okay.

How Kidnapped Africans Were Transported to America.

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The arc of the moral universe is long, but it bends toward justice. — Theodore Parker.

Power concedes nothing without a demand. It never did and it never will. — Frederick Douglass.

It is possible to read the history of this country as one long struggle to extend the liberties established in our Constitution to everyone in America. — Molly Ivins.

07/21/2026
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Frederick Douglass

581 Words: A Most Important Life

AMERICA 250

My series on the highlights and lowlights of American history, marking this nation’s 250th birthday. The whole idea being we, as a nation, have done great things and we’ve done rotten things. And sometimes the things we’ve done have been both great and rotten. We are, to be sure, all too human.

In an ideal world, this highlight in the history of the United States would never have been necessary.

But it had to be. The United States was a slave nation.

The year was 1845. The month, May. The book, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, was published by the Boston Anti-Slavery Society.

It is one of the two or three most important American books ever published. If you say it’s the most important American book, I won’t argue with you.

It was the first of Douglass’s three memoirs. Ironically, for such a person who would delve into and write so forcefully and thoroughly about his life, Douglass had no idea when and where he was born. That was typical for slaves. Any hints of human history, self-inspection, aspiration, curiosity, and even the desire to read had to be beaten out of them.

Douglass taught himself to read as a child after hearing one or another master say slaves shouldn’t be literate, otherwise they’d start thinking they should be free. That, the young Douglass concluded, meant reading was of utmost importance. Douglass would come to understand he, a human being, was, in his keepers’ eyes nothing more than a piece of property.

Frederick Douglass

Slavery, Douglass tells us, is immoral. Now, of course, that sounds elementary. It wasn’t so much in 1845. Oh sure, there were abolitionists here and there but the vast majority of northern White Americans were too busy taking care of their own families and farms and shops to think much about what was going on in southern plantations. Just as obviously, southerners didn’t consider slavery immoral because, hell, their whole economy, their culture, their very identity depended on involuntary servitude.

Think of how earth-shattering it would have been in 1845 to read the memoir of an intelligent, observant, curious, rational, and emotional human being — .whose skin was black and whose rights didn’t exist.

In an ideal world, Frederick Douglass’s memoirs would have recounted his experiences as a college professor, a noted philosopher, an innovative physician, a senator, or even a president. He was born far too soon to have a chance to become any of those things in the United States of America.

His name, on the other hand, will live forever in our history, more so, perhaps, than if he had been a president of Harvard or the doctor who discovered the importance of hand-washing.

His book was as invaluable as anything in the coming overthrow of slave culture in America.

He was one of this country’s most important human beings.

There are scads of ways to read Douglass’s Narrative. Here are a few, online:

  • From the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
  • From Project Gutenberg
  • From Internet Archive
  • An audio/video reading of it from American Writers Museum

Or you can buy the book.

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The arc of the moral universe is long, but it bends toward justice. — Theodore Parker.

Power concedes nothing without a demand. It never did and it never will. — Frederick Douglass.

It is possible to read the history of this country as one long struggle to extend the liberties established in our Constitution to everyone in America. — Molly Ivins.

07/17/2026
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Andrew Jackson, The Great Moon Hoax

890 Words: A Tough Guy President & Bullshit

AMERICA 250

My series on the highlights and lowlights of American history, marking this nation’s 250th birthday. The whole idea being we, as a nation, have done great things and we’ve done rotten things. And sometimes the things we’ve done have been both great and rotten. We are, to be sure, all too human.

A couple of weird things, both lowlights (sorta) happened in 1835.

Had there been late night TV comedians in existence back then, they’d have had field days riffing on these happenings.

BTW, thank all gods, odds, stars, Tarot cards, tea leaves, and Ouija boards that there weren’t late night TV comedians, nor TV, nor social media, nor smartphone news alerts 191 years ago. Had there been, think of how awful Americans’ reactions to ensuing world events would have been! We’d probably still be squabbling over the relationship between the races in this holy land. So, again, thankfully there were no…, um…. Oh, yeah…, I take that back.

Anyway, Weird 1835 Event No. 1: The first assassination attempt on the President of the  United States is made on January 30th.

Just a few weeks earlier, former US vice president and future South Carolina Senator John C. Calhoun pretty much called for the assassination of the then Chief Executive. Jackson, by early ’35, already was known as “King Andrew” and not in a complimentary way, for a slew of reasons. “Tyrant,” was a word a lot of newspapers and political opponents used to describe him. Among his most vociferous detractors was his own first vice president, Calhoun. Jackson and he never really saw eye to eye on important national matters, especially nullification. Calhoun resigned as VP in a huff, the first in history to do so, and became the US Senator from what would go on to be the first state to secede in 1861. Calhoun said Jackson was becoming America’s Caesar “who ought to have a Brutus.”

Well, if you’re up on your Shakespeare, you know Julius Caesar’s old pal Brutus plunged the coup de grace dagger into the emperor’s chest. Was Calhoun hinting he might do something similar? Who knows?

What is known is an out of work house painter named Richard Lawrence caught up with Jackson outside Washington, DC as the prez walked home from a funeral. Lawrence carried two pistols. He tried to fire both. Click, click. But no Bam, Bam. The odds that two such pistols would misfire simultaneously have been characterized as “astronomical.”

Again, imagine if TV, the internet, etc. were in existence back then! Imagine the conspiracy theories!

What happened next would make a lot of the testosterone-laden, self-proclaimed he-men running around America these days become tumescent. Jackson turned on his would be attacker and beat the living hell out of him with his walking stick.

Lawrence was swiftly apprehended, put on trial, and found not guilty by reason of insanity. He was locked up in insane asylums for the rest of his life.

Yikes. The newspapers must have loved that story.

Which brings us to…

Weird 1835 Event No. 2: The Great Moon Hoax. William Herschel was the noted German-British astronomer who catalogued nebulae and discovered the planet Uranus. His kid, John Herschel, was a polymath who, among other things, picked up on studying the night sky where his old man left off.

(A quick aside: William Herschel is generally credited with scads of astronomical discoveries, sure, but what is much less known is a lot — even most — of his work was done in conjunction with his sister, Caroline Herschel. She’s been credited as being the first woman to earn a salary as a scientist. Like Lise Meitner, Rosalind Franklin, and scores of other brilliant scientists who had the misfortune of being born with the “wrong” genitalia, her name has been lost in the shuffle.)

Anyway, in August, 1835, the New York City daily newspaper, The Sun, ran a series of breathless articles proclaiming that William’s kid/Caroline’s nephew, John, had discovered life on the moon!

A wholly fictional astronomer named Andrew Grant revealed, exclusively, to the newspaper (so it claimed) that he’d accompanied John Herschel on an expedition to the Southern Hemisphere where they could obtain clear telescopic views of the moon. Lo and behold (The Sun reported), Herschel fils and Grant faux observed forests and lush gardens on the moon. Birds and mammals, too. Rather than a big ball of cheese, the moon, if one were to believe the stories (and many did), was actually a rich zoo and nursery, the rival of Earth as a home for flora and fauna.

This Image Accompanied One Installment in The Sun‘s Series.

Digging into this story, I learned that in the mid-19th century, loads of writers tried their hand at such fabulosity. Making up stuff was seen as an almost respectable genre among scribes, including the likes of Edgar Allen Poe and, later, Mark Twain. In fact, writers who concocted cock and bull tales that hoodwinked large numbers of readers were congratulated on their persuasive abilities.

Twain actually became nationally known thanks to his story, “The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County.” The tale, wrote Twain, had been told by a bartender who’d heard it from a gambler. Any number of readers at the time bought it hook, line, and sinker.

Laugh if you want at the gullible dupes of the 1800s. We of the 21st century are far too sophisticated, too discerning, too smart to believe bullshit.

Aren’t we?

07/16/2026
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Trail of Tears

608 Words: The Stain on Our Soul

AMERICA 250

My series on the highlights and lowlights of American history, marking this nation’s 250th birthday. The whole idea being we, as a nation, have done great things and we’ve done rotten things. And sometimes the things we’ve done have been both great and rotten. We are, to be sure, all too human.

And now, a lowlight. A stinking, shitty, disgusting lowlight in our nation’s history. It’s only nominally less abhorrent than anything the Nazis ever did in Europe. The difference is the Nazis were far more efficient in their approach to genocide.

May 28, 1830: The date President Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act. The legislation effectively allowed the federal government to displace any and all Indigenous Peoples from their lands east of the Mississippi River.

Jackson had been a loud advocate for sweeping Indigenous Peoples off their lands in  the United States.

The Act covered fertile lands, primarily in the southeast, including South Carolina, Georgia, and part of Florida. Jackson and the feds had their eyes on millions of acres of potential farmland that could be occupied by Whites. The legislation opened up vast spreads of land for cotton growing, now exploding in the US thanks to the development of Eli Whitney’s cotton gin. In addition to ethnically “cleansing” the region, the Act spurred a huge increase in slavery, even as other federal legislation was enacted to gradually chip away at the practice.

The Act called for negotiations in good faith between the feds and Indigenous Peoples, with the promise of fair exchanges — you agree to move and we’ll let you resettle west of the Mississippi. At the time, the area west of the Mississippi was thought of, largely, as irrelevant to the future of the US.

Good faith negotiations and fair exchanges, though, were the last things Jackson and his gang intended. Seizing land was their first — and only — priority. Creeks, Cherokees, Chickasaws, Seminoles, and Choctaws had been getting whipped in skirmishes and wars for decades as White “settlers” poured into what had been traditional tribal lands and the US Army forcefully moved the tribes out. Those Indigenous Peoples, known as the Five Civilized Tribes, decided to sit down and bargain with the United States.. Perhaps, they figured, we can get a good deal.

They couldn’t.

Dealmaking was not a top priority for the US. Removal was. And if it couldn’t be accomplished at the bargaining table, it’d be done at the point of a gun. Oh, sure, there some were nice little tracts of land west of the Mississippi where the Natives could relocate, but over the next half century, as the expanding United States began to realize those tracts, too, were mighty attractive, the deals and treaties it made with tribes were broken. Tragically.

Worse, 60,000 Cherokees, among some others, who hadn’t been any too pleased with “negotiations” for their lands, were forced to march from their ancestral homelands in the Smoky Mountains to what was then called “Indian Territory” (present day Oklahoma). As abominable as the Bataan Death March or the Nazi “cattle cars” of the future, the forced relocations that became known as the Trail of Tears resulted in mass suffering and death.

Painting, “Forced Move,” by Max Standley.

By 1840, virtually no Indigenous Peoples lived any longer in the southeastern United States

Hitler would have approved.

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The arc of the moral universe is long, but it bends toward justice. — Theodore Parker.

Power concedes nothing without a demand. It never did and it never will. — Frederick Douglass.

It is possible to read the history of this country as one long struggle to extend the liberties established in our Constitution to everyone in America. — Molly Ivins.

07/15/2026
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Library of Congress

830 Words: All The World’s Knowledge

AMERICA 250

My series on the highlights and lowlights of American history, marking this nation’s 250th birthday. The whole idea being we, as a nation, have done great things and we’ve done rotten things. And sometimes the things we’ve done have been both great and rotten. We are, to be sure, all too human.

Ready for another highlight in the history of this holy land?

The date was April 24, 1800. President John Adams signed into law an act creating the Library of Congress. It was America’s first national library.

Today, it is one of the world’s largest such repositories of books, audio recordings, newspapers, magazines, pamphlets, prints, photographs, films, videos, relics, keepsakes, knickknacks, tchotchkes, gadgets, and whatnots. It contains, in several locations both public and behind the scenes, upward of 180 million things. It maintains some 838 miles of bookshelves. It boasts a mint-ish condition Gutenberg Bible (the darned thing is going on 600 years old!) It has George Washington’s personal papers, Madison’s draft copy of the Bill of Rights, Jefferson’s draft copy of the Declaration of Independence, Lewis & Clark’s map, copies of Frederick Douglass’s North Star abolitionist newspaper, the contents of Lincoln’s pockets the night he was shot, a grainy film clip of the Wright Brothers’ first flight in 1903, a comic book based on the life of Jackie Robinson, perhaps the smallest book in the world (it is tinier than the periods in this post), Harry Houdini’s collection of rare magic books…, in fact, the LoC acquires up to 15,000 items in a day (it employs about 3000 people — I imagine they scarcely have time to eat lunch.)

Unfortunately, neither you nor I can check out books or other materials from the Library of Congress. Dang. I would have loved to bring Rosa Parks’ peanut butter pancakes recipe home.

Rosa Parks’ “Featherlite Pancakes” Recipe, the Librrary of Congress.

The whole idea behind the LoC was to provide Congress, both the House and Senate, a place to do their homework. As the nation’s capital moved from New York to Philadelphia (or vice versa, I forget — the seat of government was awfully nomadic in the country’s early days) a sort of ad hoc congressional library moved with it. Congressbeings were expected to delve through books (imagine that!) to familiarize themselves with issues they’d be legislating on. Now, of course, they simply sit back and wait for lobbyists to bribe them; it’s more efficient. Adams’ signature on the LoC’s creation act authorized the purchase of 3000 tomes from a publisher in England. That collection, plus whatever remained from previous library incarnations, would be housed in the shiny new Capitol building.

Ironically, it was the English who destroyed that first Library of Congress. Our ex-cousins had been teed off that American forces had burned several towns and forts in Canada during the War of 1812, so when British Gen. Robert Ross marched into Washington on August 24, 1814, he ordered the burning of the Capitol as well as several other government buildings. The Capitol fire was a hell of a conflagration; after all, it was chock full of fuel, thanks to the thousands of books in the LoC.

Lucky for us, Thomas Jefferson was strapped for cash. The then-ex-president in 1815 sold his personal collection of 6487 books (he was an insatiable reader and an autodidact) to the United States for the princely sum of $23,950. That purchase seeded what would become one of the world’s biggest libraries. The LoC actually claims to be the world’s largest; other sources say the British Library is bigger. (Fun fact: the Russian and Turkish national libraries rank fourth and fifth in the world, oddly enough. You’d think China and India, each with a population well over a billion, would have bigger national libraries, but no.)

The Thomas Jefferson Building, Library of Congress.

Over the years, the Library of Congress has evolved from legislators’ proto-Wikipedia to a destination for scholars, researchers, historians, you, and me to rifle through most of the world’s curated materials. I’ll go out on a limb here and say I’d bet the entirety of humanity’s knowledge, in some form another, can be found at the LoC.

The Main Reading Room of the Library of Congress.

In this day and age of greed monkey anti-intellectualism, the idea that the federal government should create and maintain such a place, had the LoC not been founded 226 years ago, seems preposterous. The Project 2025/Heritage Foundation/Trump Family Mafia/Christian nationalist/White supremacist/science-denying anencephalics who currently run this land would view any proposal to start a taxpayer-supported public library as the demonic fever dream of commie rats.

Me? I think the existence of the Library of Congress is one very big reason to celebrate America’s 250th birthday.

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The arc of the moral universe is long, but it bends toward justice. — Theodore Parker.

Power concedes nothing without a demand. It never did and it never will. — Frederick Douglass.

It is possible to read the history of this country as one long struggle to extend the liberties established in our Constitution to everyone in America. — Molly Ivins.

 

 

07/14/2026
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Underground Railroad

661 Words: Fugitives

AMERICA 250

My series on the highlights and lowlights of American history, marking this nation’s 250th birthday. The whole idea being we, as a nation, have done great things and we’ve done rotten things. And sometimes the things we’ve done have been both great and rotten. We are, to be sure, all too human.

Here’s an heroic highlight  — the Underground Railroad.

No need for any contradictory/complimentary lowlight. Let’s just celebrate the incredibly brave people who made this thing go.

The Underground Railroad was a metaphorical moniker. It wasn’t a train and all its routes and “stations” were aboveground.

The National Underground Railroad Freedom Center, a museum and shrine, is wedged between Cincinnati’s downtown baseball and football stadiums. You might think that’s an odd locale for such a place but the Queen City was a busy port for runaway slaves, who often rafted across the broad Ohio River from Kentucky in hopes of finding freedom.

All the routes and safe houses of the Underground Railroad were secret and zealously guarded. Maintained primarily by freed Blacks, with help from some sympathetic Whites, the UR ran from about 1780 through 1863. Slaves had escaped before 1780 but they did so on their own. Once freed Blacks and abolitionists began working together to help more slaves run away, a complex system of paths, routes, information nodes, “depots,” safe houses, cryptic signs, and more was set up. Rather than rails, the escape routes, largely, were wooded paths and waterways.

Tens of thousands of escaped slaves made their way through the Underground Railroad. The exact number can never be known because, of necessity, records weren’t kept. Similarly, signs weren’t posted to help fugitive slaves make their way north. Look for such and such a gnarled tree, they were told, or a big bend in the river, or even a distinctive barn and then turn, say, right. The routes were as obscure and mysterious as that. Not only were slaves taking their lives in their hands by running away, they were in danger of getting lost in a vast wilderness, or getting shot on sight by some jittery farmer, or — ironically tragic — even captured and re-enslaved by Native Americans.

At risk of enraging some of my progressive sisteren and brethren, I’m compelled to report that many Indigenous Peoples of North America kept slaves. Native Americans had practiced varying forms of slavery for hundreds, perhaps even thousands of years before the Europeans came to this continent. In fact, by watching and learning as the Colonists practiced their brand of primarily Black slavery, some tribes adopted that type of race-based involuntary servitude.

Some routes on the Underground Railroad led to Mexico and a few Caribbean islands but most fugitive slaves made their way north to free states and Canada. Routes and safe houses existed in virtually every state of the Union as well as the western territorie up until 1863.

Even if fugitive slaves made successful escapes, their lives didn’t always turn out to be idyllic. All too few Whites in the late 18th and the first half of the 19th centuries, even those in, say, Massachusetts, Minnesota, or Manitoba were eager to embrace them. For every Hollywood-ending slave escape, like Frederick Douglass’s, there were thousands of fugitive slaves whose lives turned, at best, only nominally better after escaping. Many were abused, ostracized, marginalized, and even terrorized.

Nevertheless, the urge to escape was strong among many Black slaves in the South. They were helped in their escapes by the likes of:

Harriet Tubman

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Stephen Myers

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William Henry Johnson

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Henry Highland Garnet

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Abigail Mott

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John Brown

Click on any image to link to that person’s biographical sketch.

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The arc of the moral universe is long, but it bends toward justice. — Theodore Parker.

Power concedes nothing without a demand. It never did and it never will. — Frederick Douglass.

It is possible to read the history of this country as one long struggle to extend the liberties established in our Constitution to everyone in America. — Molly Ivins.

07/13/2026
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Confusions, Revolutions

525 Words: Ball of Confusion

AMERICA 250

My series on the highlights and lowlights of American history, marking this nation’s 250th birthday. The whole idea being we, as a nation, have done great things and we’ve done rotten things. And sometimes the things we’ve done have been both great and rotten. We are, to be sure, all too human.

I suppose it makes sense that the new nation, the United States of America, should have been so contradictory. It came into being just as several momentous developments had been or were taking place around the globe:

  • The Scientific Revolution
  • The Enlightenment
  • The Age of Revolution
  • The Industrial Revolution

The Scientific Revolution was hatched in the 1500s and it gave birth to The Enlightenment (1680s-1790s). In those pre-mass media days, both those radical transformations in thought had yet to completely overtake the old ways of thinking in every corner of the world. In fact, neither phenomenon, to this day, has been universally embraced. Millions of people, here and elsewhere, continue to believe an all-powerful god still steers the course of history and his (always his) word forever triumphs over reason, science, natural rights, Newton, Copernicus, Aquinas, and Aristotelian evidence.

The Founders, though — Jefferson, Franklin and others among them — were influenced and driven by both the Scientific Revolution and The Enlightenment. But no change ever really happens in the snap of a finger, so their thought processes were both revolutionary and hidebound. Contradictory, in other words.

Today’s contradictions — a modern, computer-driven, post Einstein, post-Heisenberg, space-traveling age in which many leaders implore us to pray for solutions to our problems — exist not only in this country but all around the planet. We humans are a baffling bunch.

The Revolutionary fervor played out here, in France, in Haiti, in Ireland, and in Central and South America. It featured a rejection of hereditary royalty and colonialism. People, revolutionaries preached, could lead themselves. Nations didn’t need god-appointed, blood lineages to boss them around. We, the revolutionaries said, could boss ourselves.

Then again, that hallowed we possessed then, and continues to possess today, an unerring capacity to exclude certain peoples from the club of us.

And then the Industrial Revolution, in which combustion engines and electric motors drove machines that replicated our human motions and labor, freeing us to live lives of leisure and intellectual and artistic pursuits came along. Yeah, sure. The people of 2026 are busier, more stressed, more neurotic, more scared, more in danger of wiping ourselves out than any previous generation.

The world is filled with contradictions and the United States, the most representative nation on Earth, is the most contradictory land of all.

It was born in an age of confusion. Ironically, the smarter we’ve become, the less sure we are of what, where, and who we are. And that’s all of us, not just Americans.

 

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The arc of the moral universe is long, but it bends toward justice. — Theodore Parker.

Power concedes nothing without a demand. It never did and it never will. — Frederick Douglass.

It is possible to read the history of this country as one long struggle to extend the liberties established in our Constitution to everyone in America. — Molly Ivins.

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